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Sound Changes in Chinese-Based Vocabulary | ||
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 Language Learning Forum : Philological Room |  | |
| Enki Tetraglot Senior Member Canada Joined 5834 days ago 54 posts - 133 votes  Speaks: Arabic (Written), English*, French, Korean Studies: Japanese | Message 1 of 5 02 April 2013 at 6:18pm | IP Logged |
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A large percentage of Korean and Japanese words come from Chinese characters. Of
course, both languages pronounce the words very differently, but there seems to be a pattern to the sound changes in Japanese and Korean Sino-based words. For example: 1. ㅎ(h) sounds in Korean are か(k) sounds in Japanese (sometimes this turns to a g sound). 2. ㅇ on top (neutral, vowel) sounds in Korean are が (g) sounds in Japanese (this one has a lot of exceptions though). 3. ㅇ at the bottom (ng) is an elongated vowel in Japanese. 4. ㄹ at the bottom (l) is つ (tsu). 5. ㅍ(p) is は (h). So you have words like: 生活 -> 생활 (seng hwal) せいかつ (sei katsu) 月-> 월 (wol) げつ(getsu) 外國語-> 외국어 (way guk o) がいこくご (gai koku go) 被害-> 피해 (pi hae) ひがい (hi gai) 中華-> 중화 (chung hwa) ちゅうか (chuu ka) 実現-> 실현(shil hyeon) じ つげん(jitsu ken) Do you guys know any other rules or patterns? Can this be applied to other languages with Chinese characters like Mandarin, Cantonese and Vietnamese? 4 persons have voted this message useful | |
| vonPeterhof Tetraglot Senior Member Russian FederationRegistered users can see my Skype Name Joined 4773 days ago 715 posts - 1527 votes Speaks: Russian*, EnglishC2, Japanese, German Studies: Kazakh, Korean, Norwegian, Turkish | Message 2 of 5 03 April 2013 at 6:41pm | IP Logged |
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Off the top of my head I can think of a few more:
- The syllable-final -p, -t an -k in Cantonese correspond to ㅂ, ㄹ and ㄱ in Korean and う (elongated vowel, which interferes with the aforementioned -ng examples), つ (or ち) and く in Japanese. I believe the Vietnamese equivalents are spelled -p, -t and -c. In Mandarin all three finals have simply disappeared. - Palatalized n- in Japanese (as in に and derived syllables, like にょ) and Vietnamese (spelled nh-) disappears in Korean and becomes an r in Mandarin. The r can go either in the beginning or the end of the syllable; not sure what that is determined by. Some Sino-Japanese morphemes with that sound also have a different pronunciation in later borrowings - じ and its derived syllables. - The syllable final -m is preserved in Cantonese and Korean, but gets merged into -n in Mandarin and Japanese. - The syllable initial l- in Chinese becomes r- in both Japanese and Korean. Modern South Korean also turns the word-initial ㄹ into ㄴ, or removes it completely if it's palatalized. A few more examples [only putting in those variants I can recall]: ー -> 일 (il) いち (ichi) [or sometimes いつ (itsu)] yi 二 -> 이 (i) に (ni) er 三 -> 삼 (sam) さん (san) san [Mandarin] saam [Cantonese] 六 -> 육 (yuk) [륙 (ryuk) in the North] ろく (roku) [or sometimes りく (riku)] 十 -> 십 (sip) じゅう (juu) 日 -> 일 (il) にち (nichi) [can also be じつ (jitsu)] ri [IIRC the Vietnamese is nhat] For further reading, this Wikipedia article may be a good place to start. Edited by vonPeterhof on 03 April 2013 at 6:42pm 4 persons have voted this message useful | |
| Enki Tetraglot Senior Member Canada Joined 5834 days ago 54 posts - 133 votes Speaks: Arabic (Written), English*, French, Korean Studies: Japanese | Message 3 of 5 03 April 2013 at 8:01pm | IP Logged |
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Thank you for the link! I wanted to read more about this but I didn't know the name for
it; "Sino-Xenic vocabularies". 1 person has voted this message useful | |
| Raincrowlee Tetraglot Senior Member United States Joined 6703 days ago 621 posts - 808 votes Speaks: English*, Mandarin, Korean, French Studies: Indonesian, Japanese | Message 4 of 5 03 April 2013 at 11:16pm | IP Logged |
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-The d- in Mandarin become ㅈ- in Korean. For example 電 is dian in Mandarin but 전 in Korean. Edited by Raincrowlee on 03 April 2013 at 11:18pm 1 person has voted this message useful | |
| karaipyhare Tetraglot Groupie Paraguay Joined 5586 days ago 74 posts - 150 votes Speaks: Portuguese, Spanish*, English, Guarani Studies: German, Italian, French, Mandarin, Japanese | Message 5 of 5 26 June 2013 at 3:07pm | IP Logged |
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The wikipedia has a good article about it
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sino-Xenic_vocabularies 1 person has voted this message useful |
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