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| Chung Diglot Senior Member Joined 7158 days ago 4228 posts - 8259 votes  20 sounds Speaks: English*, French Studies: Polish, Slovak, Uzbek, Turkish, Korean, Finnish | Message 41 of 541 08 July 2011 at 7:12am | IP Logged | ||
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Kijttoseh!
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| Kafea Groupie United States Joined 4934 days ago 78 posts - 98 votes Speaks: English* Studies: Smi | Message 42 of 541 08 July 2011 at 9:56am | IP Logged | ||
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Inari film clip and other stuff to click on.
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| Chung Diglot Senior Member Joined 7158 days ago 4228 posts - 8259 votes 20 sounds Speaks: English*, French Studies: Polish, Slovak, Uzbek, Turkish, Korean, Finnish | Message 43 of 541 11 July 2011 at 1:01am | IP Logged | ||
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I have completed Chapter 2 and was introduced to locative singular as used in possession and the particle/suffix -uv
1) Inari Saami expresses possession by putting the possessor in locative and combining it in a sentence with "[there] is" and the possessed object in nominative. This method of expressing possession is somewhat similar to what is used in Estonian, Finnish, Hungarian, Russian, Turkish and Ukrainian. "The boy has a book." (understood literally in Inari Saami as "Boy-on [there] is book" ~ "There's a/the book on a/the boy.") Kaandâst lii kirje. (kaandâst is locative singular) (Inari Saami) The locative singular of a word is constructed by attaching the suffix -st to a stem based on the form in the genitive singular. e.g. mun = "I"; muu = "my, mine"; must = "at/in/on me" käärbis = "boat" (nom. sing.); kárbá = "boat's, of a/the boat"; kárbást = "at/in/on a/the boat" The agglutinative process here in Inari Saami is reminiscent of declension of Estonian and Finnish where adjectives and nouns in cases other than the "core" ones are often marked as such by attaching the ending to the stem that derives from the genitive singular. e.g. ESTONIAN mina = "I"; minu = "my, mine"; minul = "at/on me" paat = "boat" (nom. sing.); paadi = "boat's, of a/the boat"; paadil = "at/on a/the boat" (adessive sing.) FINNISH minä = "I"; minun = "my, mine"; minulla = "at/on me" vene = "boat" (nom. sing.); veneen = "boat's, of a/the boat"; veneellä = "at/on a/the boat" (adessive sing.) 2) The chapter also introduces the particle/suffix -uv which can mark interrogation, emphasis or duplication. Lii-uv tust kirje? "Do you have a/the book?" (literally: "Is-[interrogative particle] at-you a/the book?") Lah-uv tun Ánná? "Are you Anna?" Using the particle in this way is reminiscent of the Finnish interrogative suffix -ko/-kö. Onko sinulla kirja? "Do you have a/the book?" Oletko sinä Anna? "Are you Anna? The particle -uv can also correspond to the Finnish suffix -kin which similarly signals duplication or emphasis. Must-uv lii käärbis! "I indeed/too have a boat!" (Inari Saami) Minullakin on vene! "I indeed/too have a boat!" (Finnish) Vocabulary of chapter 2 For nouns, the first entry is in nom. sing., the second one in acc./gen. sing. For verbs, the first entry is in the infinitive, the second one in present tense for 1st person singular avdo, avdo - "car" kale lii - "yes, indeed, there definitely is..." kirje, kirje - "book" ko - "when" (conjunction) käärbis, kárbá - "boat" luuhâđ, luuvâm - "to read" luuvâ! - "read!" (i.e. imperative, 2nd person singular) must - "at/in/on me" (i.e. locative form of "mun") nubbe, nube - "second" sust - "at/in/on him/her" (i.e. locative form of "sun") tupe, tuve - "cottage" tust - "at/in/on you" (i.e. locative form of "tun") vâi - "or" Numerals 1-14 (i.e. number of the pages that cover chapters 1 and 2) 1 - oktâ 2 - kyehti 3 - kulmâ 4 - nelji 5 - vittâ 6 - kuttâ 7 - čiččâm 8 - käävci 9 - oovce 10 - love 11 - ohtânubáloh 12 - kyehtinubáloh 13 - kulmânubáloh 14 - neljinubáloh Examples of Inari Saami taken from my answers to the exercises. Translate into Inari Saami (sentences translated from original Finnish into English) a) I have a boat > Must lii käärbis. b) Do you have a book? > Lii-uv tust kirje? c) What does the girl have? > Mii lii nieidâst? d) Matti has a car. > Maatist lii avdo. e) Does Elli have a boat? > Lii-uv Eelist käärbis? f) What do I have? > Mii lii must? g) Does he/she have a car? > Lii-uv sust avdo? Edited by Chung on 05 August 2011 at 5:07pm 4 persons have voted this message useful | |||
| Chung Diglot Senior Member Joined 7158 days ago 4228 posts - 8259 votes 20 sounds Speaks: English*, French Studies: Polish, Slovak, Uzbek, Turkish, Korean, Finnish | Message 44 of 541 12 July 2011 at 6:40pm | IP Logged | ||
Upon reading Chapters 1 and 2 in my copy of Davvin 1 for Finnish-speakers, I've figured out that Gii do boahtá? (I suspect that bo is a typo) means "Who over there is coming?" with gii meaning "who" and do meaning "over there". Gii do boahtá de? means "Who over there is coming now?" with de meaning "now". boahtá and de are in Chapter 1's glossary, gii and do are in Chapter 2's. As far as I can tell there's no literal equivalent to the ritualistic greeting "How are you?" (i.e. *Mot leat?) but in Chapter 2 we are introduced to a counterpart in Northern Saami when we hear in the dialogues Mot manná? meaning "How goes [it]?" (cf. Finnish Miten menee?). The glossary for Chapter 2 also lists Mii gulllo which is used in a similar way even though it doesn't occur in the chapter's dialogues (it actually means something like "What is heard?" (cf. Finnish Mitä kuuluu?)). 3 persons have voted this message useful | |||
| Chung Diglot Senior Member Joined 7158 days ago 4228 posts - 8259 votes 20 sounds Speaks: English*, French Studies: Polish, Slovak, Uzbek, Turkish, Korean, Finnish | Message 45 of 541 15 July 2011 at 5:34am | IP Logged | ||
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I have completed Chapter 3 and was introduced to interrogatives, conjugation of verbs in present tense, case governance of numerals and quantifiers
1) Kii and mii are the interrogatives corresponding to "who" and "what" respectively The declensional patterns introduced for these interrogatives in the chapter are as follows: NOMINATIVE: kii (sing.) ACCUSATIVE: kiäm (sing.) GENITIVE: kiän (sing.) LOCATIVE: kiäst (sing.) NOMINATIVE: mii (sing.); moh (plur.) ACCUSATIVE: maid (sing. & plur.) GENITIVE: mon (sing.) LOCATIVE: mast (sing.) (For completeness' sake, here's a handout courtesy Ivalo Upper Secondary School showing the full declension for kii and mii) 2) Verbs are divided into conjugational groups based on their syllabic structure Group 1: Verbs of 2 or 4 syllables and consonantal changes occuring as they are conjugated (for verbs of 4 syllables, the consonantal changes occur on the consonant separating the 3rd and 4th syllables). Group 2: Verbs of 1, 3 or 5 syllables. Group 3: Verbs with -aj-, -áj-, -ej- or -oj- bridging the 2nd and 3rd syllables in the present tense form for 3rd person plural. e.g. čokkájeh "they are sitting" 3. A nominal following a modifying numeral takes a different case depending on the numeral. 1 puts the modified nominal in nominative singular. 2 to 6 put the modified nominal in genitive singular. 7 or greater put the modified nominal in partitive singular The quantifying pronoun kalle? "how many?" puts the modified nominal in genitive singular. In comparison with other Finno-Ugric languages: 1 puts the modified nominal in singular in Estonian and Finnish Greater than 1 puts the modified nominal in partitive singular in Estonian and Finnish A nominal is in singular regardless of its modifying numeral in Hungarian 4. The pronouns kalle and moh require the associated verb to be in 3rd person plural 5. A direct object is always in accusative. Thank God! It doesn't seem that I'll need to worry about telicity in the direct object as in Estonian and Finnish or choosing between indefinite and definite conjugational patterns depending on the definiteness of the direct object as in Hungarian. Vocabulary of Chapter 3 For nouns, the first entry is in nom. sing., the second one in acc./gen. sing. For verbs, the first entry is in the infinitive, the second one in present tense for 1st person singular Avveel, Avveel - Ivalo, of Ivalo [name of the largest settlement of the municipality of Inari] kalle - how many kiän - whose kiäs - into whom (illative sing.) [this case hasn't been introduced yet!] kuálmâd - third mááláđ, mááláám - to paint maid - what (accusative sing./plur.) moh - what (nominative plur.) porgâđ, poorgâm - to do (intransitive) sárguđ, sáárgum - to draw täst - here (locative) tääl - now Numerals 15-23 (i.e. number of the pages that cover chapter 3) 15 - vittânubáloh 16 - kuttânubáloh 17 - čiččâmnubáloh 18 - käävcinubáloh 19 - oovcenubáloh 20 - kyehtlov 21 - kyehtlovohtâ 22 - kyehtlovkyehti 23 - kyehtlovkulmâ Examples of Inari Saami taken from my answers to the exercises. Fill in the blanks with the correct form of the word for "boat" 1. Kiäst lii käärbis? 2. Kiän käärbis taa lii? 3. Taa lii Ááná käärbis. 4. Áánást lii käärbis. 5. Kárbá nommâ lii "Jorŋâ". 6. Lii-uv tust käärbis? Lii, must láá kyehti kárbá. 7. Matti sárgu kárbá. 8. Kalle kárbá Maatist láá? 2 persons have voted this message useful | |||
| Chung Diglot Senior Member Joined 7158 days ago 4228 posts - 8259 votes 20 sounds Speaks: English*, French Studies: Polish, Slovak, Uzbek, Turkish, Korean, Finnish | Message 46 of 541 18 July 2011 at 2:09am | IP Logged | ||
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I have completed Chapter 4 and was introduced to "where?" and a little more about conjugation for verbs in Group 1.
1) Kost and kuus cover "whence"/"where" and "where [to]" respectively. Kost is in locative case and corresponds to "where" and "where from"/"whence" while kuus is in illative case and corresponds to "where to". In comparison to the three national Finno-Ugric languages, Inari Saami uses kost to do "double duty". kost kus & kust (Estonian) missä & mistä (Finnish) hol & honnan (Hungarian) where & whence (English) kuus kuhu (Estonian) mihin (Finnish) hová (Hungarian) where [to] (English) 2) When conjugating verbs of Group 1 in present tense, they inflect in weak grade for 1st and 2nd person singilar but strong grade for 3rd person singular. e.g. moonnâđ "to go" mun moonâm = "I go" (nn > n) tun moonah = "you go" (nn > n) sun mana "he/she goes" (nn > n but this is a "strong grade" (?)) Unfortunately consonant gradation in Inari Saami seems quite complicated and the book doesn't go into much detail about it or about how to conjugate verbs. The explanations given so far haven't been too helpful and just looking at moonnâđ I can see that conjugating isn't a simple matter of adding suffixes to the end of a stem. A "weakened" infinitive stem takes -âm for 1st person sing. and -ah for 2nd person sing. but the 3rd person sing. is in a way that's not as visibly linked to the infinitive or the preceding two forms. Vocabulary of Chapter 4 For nouns, the first entry is in nom. sing., the second one in acc./gen. sing. For verbs, the first entry is in the infinitive, the second one in present tense for 1st person singular kost - where? where from/whence? kuus - where to? moonnâđ, moonâm - to go mutâ - but nabai - and what about... niäljád - fourth olgon - [at] outside (location/position) olgos - [to] outside (as a goal of motion) siisâ - [to] inside (as a goal of motion) siste - [at] inside (location/position) västid - [he/she] answers västidiđ, västiđâm - to answer Numerals 24-28 (i.e. number of the pages that cover chapter 4) 24 - kyehtlovnelji 25 - kyehtlovvittâ 26 - kyehtlovkuttâ 27 - kyehtlovčiččâm 28 - kyehtlovkäävci Examples of Inari Saami taken from selected answers to the exercises. Fill in the blanks with the correct form of the verb "to go" 1. Mun moonâm olgos. Sun mana siisâ. 2. Tun moonah siisâ. Mana-uv sun olgos? 3. Moonâm-uv mun siisâ vâi olgos? Matti mana siisâ. 4. Ánná mana olgos. Moonah-uv tun siisâ? 5. Kuus sun mana? Kii mana siisâ? 3 persons have voted this message useful | |||
| Chung Diglot Senior Member Joined 7158 days ago 4228 posts - 8259 votes 20 sounds Speaks: English*, French Studies: Polish, Slovak, Uzbek, Turkish, Korean, Finnish | Message 47 of 541 21 July 2011 at 2:33am | IP Logged | ||
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I have completed Chapter 5 and was introduced to negative conjugation for leđe "to be" in present tense singular and predicative adjectives. I also did some additional reading of the online textbook of Inari Saami for Finnish-speakers to try to fill some gaps in my understanding of Inari Saami's grammar that I've learned so far.
1) Inari Saami negates actions by using a negative auxiliary verb (i.e. conjugated negation marker) and leaving the main verb as an unconjugated stem. e.g. jiem lah - (I) am not (Cf. Finnish en ole) jieh lah - (you) are not (Cf. Finnish et ole) ij lah - (he/she) is not (Cf. Finnish ei ole) At their most fundamental, the forms are: jiem - (I) not... jieh - (you) not... ij - (he/she) not... 2) Predicative adjectives in Inari Saami differ from attributive adjectives. In other words, an adjective that follows a link or copula (usually some form of "to be") will look different from when that same adjective precedes the nominal. The two predicative adjectives introduced were styeres "big" and ucce "small". Even though I haven't yet been introduced to attributive adjectives, the way that the predicative adjectives are explained lead me to the conclusion that their forms differ. e.g. Kandâ lii ucce. "The boy is small." Kaandah láá uceh. "The boys are small." Vocabulary of Chapter 5 For nouns, the first entry is in nom. sing., the second one in acc./gen. sing. For verbs, the first entry is in the infinitive, the second one in present tense for 1st person singular kappeer, kappeer - cap, cap's/of [a/the] cap mainâstiđ, mainâstâm - to say, tell meendu - very škovlâ, škoovlâ - school, school's/of [a/the] school styeres - big (predicative) stuárráb - bigger (predicative) ucce - small (sing. - predicative) uceh - small (plur. - predicative) uceeb - smaller (predicative) viiđâd - fifth Numerals 29-34 (i.e. number of the pages that cover chapter 5) 29 - kyehtlovoovce 30 - kulmâlov 31 - kulmâlovohtâ 32 - kulmâlovkyehti 33 - kulmâlovkulmâ 34 - kulmâlovnelji Examples of Inari Saami taken from selected answers to the exercises. Translate into Inari Saami (sentences translated from original Finnish into English) 1. He/she is big. > Sun lii styeres. 2. He/she is not small. Sun ij lah ucce. 3. I am not outside. > Mun jiem lah olgon. 4. He/she is drawing a school. > Sun sárgu škoovlâ. 5. That/This/It is big. > Tot lii styeres. 6. The boy does not have a cap. > Kaandâst ij lah kappeer. 7. The girl has three caps. > Nieidâst láá kulmâ kappeer. 8. You are not small. > Tun jieh lah ucce. 9. That/This/It is not my book. > Tot ij lah muu kirje. **** ADDENDUM: I've read some of the notes on grammar in that Finnish course of Inari Saami on .pdf and have made out as much as possible of its explanations in Finnish as they are relevant to the grammar presented so far in the kids' textbook that I'm using. Here is what I grasped with the help of my Finnish-English dictionary:
Note 1: Finnish has contracted nouns too; these are the nouns whose vowels change length as you inflect the basic form. I guess that the "contraction" arises from the loss of a vowel that occurs when going from the main inflectional stem to the basic form (e.g. huoneen "the room's" [genitive singular] ~ huone "room" [nominative singular]). Note 2: Finnish has contracted verbs too; these are the verbs whose infinitives end in -ta/-tä but when conjugated lose the -t- and so the last syllable of the verb becomes long. I guess that the contraction arises from the loss of the -t- when conjugating (e.g. hypätä "to jump" ~ hyppään "I jump"). Edited by Chung on 05 August 2011 at 5:08pm 3 persons have voted this message useful | |||
| Chung Diglot Senior Member Joined 7158 days ago 4228 posts - 8259 votes 20 sounds Speaks: English*, French Studies: Polish, Slovak, Uzbek, Turkish, Korean, Finnish | Message 48 of 541 23 July 2011 at 5:11pm | IP Logged | ||
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I have completed Chapter 6 and was formally shown the locative in its typical use in indicating position or movement away from somewhere. I was also introduced to attributive adjectives and the patterns for four verbs in present tense singular.
1) As mentioned in message no. 43, the locative is marked by the suffix -st and is attached to a stem that is based on the form in the genitive singular. In addition, the locative in Inari Saami does "extra duty" when compared to otherwise similar concepts in the national Finno-Ugric languages. When -st is attached to a noun, it can be understood as marking position inside something, on the surface of something, movement away from the interior of something, or movement away from the surface of something. Therefore the locative case in Inari Saami encompasses 4 cases in Estonian and Finnish, 6 in Hungarian. Inari Saami -st (locative) Estonian -lt (ablative - usu. denotes movement from the object but never from its interior) -l (adessive ~ usu. denotes position relative to an object but never its interior) -st (elative ~ usu. denotes movement from the interior) -s (inessive ~ usu. denotes position inside something) Finnish -lta/-ltä (ablative - usu. denotes movement from an object but never its interior) -lla/-llä (adessive ~ usu. denotes position relative to an object but never its interior) -sta/-stä (elative ~ usu. denotes movement from the interior)) (Finnish) -ssa/-ssä (inessive ~ usu. denotes position inside something) Hungarian -tól/-től (ablative ~ usu. denotes movement from the vicinty of something) -nál/-nél (adessive ~ usu. denotes position in the vicinity of an object) -ról/-ről (delative ~ usu. denotes movement from the surface) -ból/-ből (elative ~ usu. denotes movement from the interior) -ban/-ben (inessive ~ usu. denotes position inside something) -n/-an/-en/-on/-ön (superessive ~ usu. denotes position on the surface) 2) Attributive adjectives often end in -s or a vowel but do not usually decline with the modified noun as they do in Finnish. These are the adjectives that stand immediately before the modified noun. 3) Conjugation patterns in present tense singular for čokkáđ “to sit”, čäälliđ “to write”, luuhađ “to read” and vastidiđ “to answer” - čokkáđ (Group 3, no consonant gradation - see message no. 45 for verb conjugation groups. N.B. The classification of verbs in Kari Meløy's textbook differs from what is used in the online textbook which I referred to in message no. 47!) mun čokkáám, tun čokkááh, sun čokkáá - čäälliđ (Group 1, consonant gradation - see message no. 45 for verb conjugation groups. N.B. The classification of verbs in Kari Meløy's textbook differs from what is used in the online textbook which I referred to in message no. 47!) mun čálám; tun čáláh, sun čáálá - luuhađ (Group 1, consonant gradation - see message no. 45 for verb conjugation groups. N.B. The classification of verbs in Kari Meløy's textbook differs from what is used in the online textbook which I referred to in message no. 47!) mun luuvâm; tun luuvah, sun lohá - vastidiđ (Group 2, no consonant gradation - see message no. 45 for verb conjugation groups. N.B. The classification of verbs in Kari Meløy's textbook differs from what is used in the online textbook which I referred to in message no. 47!) mun västidâm, tun västidâh, sun västid Vocabulary of Chapter 6 For nouns, the first entry is in nom. sing., the second one in acc./gen. sing. For adjectives, the first entry is the predicative form, the second on is attributive For verbs, the first entry is in the infinitive, the second one in present tense for 1st person singular čokkáđ, čokkáám - to sit čäälliđ, čálám - to write fiskâd, fiskis - yellow kove, kove - picture kuudâd, kuudâd - sixth lavkkâ, laavhâ - bag maggaar - what kind of pevdi, peevdi - table ruopsâd, ruopsis - red taa - here... vist - again, next Numerals 35-41 (i.e. number of the pages that cover chapter 6) 35 - kulmâlovvittâ 36 - kulmâlovkuttâ 37 - kulmâlovčiččâm 38 - kulmâlovkäävci 39 - kulmâlovoovce 40 - neljilov 41 - nejilovohtâ Examples of Inari Saami taken from selected answers to the exercises. Create questions and answers based on the illustrations (Ed. Illustrations not included in this post.) 1. Kii avdost lii? Kandâ lii avdost. 2. Kost lii nieidâ? Sun lii siste. 3. Mii kárbást lii? Lavkkâ lii kárbást. 4. Mii peevdi alne lii? Kirje lii peevdi alne. 5. Maid kandâ parga? Sun čokkáá škoovlâst. 6. Maggaar lavkkâ kandâst lii? Sust lii stuorrâ lavkkâ. 2 persons have voted this message useful |
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