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Science and languages today

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Cyrus
Diglot
Newbie
France
Joined 5321 days ago

39 posts - 70 votes 
Speaks: French*, English
Studies: German, Spanish, Mandarin

 
 Message 1 of 48
21 January 2011 at 3:07am | IP Logged 
Good evening everyone (or morning, afternoon ; depends where you are) :)


Most of the thousands of languages which are at this moment speaking on earth probably lack the vocabulary to
describe or explain a high-level and complex scientific fact or discover. Most of them do not have any word for
"Deoxyribonucleic acid" for example, or they borrow it to english.

I was also wondering, what are the languages which don't lack AT ALL scientific vocabulary ? At first we think, all
the great languages : english, mandarin, Spanish, arabic, french, German, russian, japanese, portuguese...

However the question is not that simple. I remembered that a few months ago, I read an article in
which an arabic teacher complained about the fact that arabic was not used in scientific class of arab-speaking
countries and replace it by french or english, because some scientific words were absent from the arabic
vocabulary (and we all know that nobody may call the arabic vocabulary "poor"). And I think I heard about a
similar problem for Spanish.

Finally the only "complet" "scientific languages" that I am sure of are russian, japanese, German, chinese and
french (those are the languages of the scientific-powered countries : Japan, USA, France, Germany, China,
Russia...). Probably we can add korean.
Oh, and maybe english too :D


Do you agree with those ones ? What's your mind upon arabic and Spanish ? Do you think other languages could
be added ?

Edited by Cyrus on 21 January 2011 at 3:15am

4 persons have voted this message useful



jsun
Groupie
Joined 4898 days ago

62 posts - 129 votes 

 
 Message 2 of 48
21 January 2011 at 3:33am | IP Logged 
Chinese scientific vocabulary is mostly from the Japanese.

Chinese science wasn't (still isn't) great. Now, Beijing even tried to ban English abbreviation
in Chinese such as mp3 and CBD (Central Business District)....In the 19th and 20th century,
after many foreign invasions, many people blamed the Old culture such as Confucius for
making China weak in every aspect, especially in technology. This is also a factor that
contributes to "Cultural Revolution" in China. Many historic buildings/literature/etc were
destroyed during that time. It's the greatest tragic for the whole China, even for now. But it's
so ironic that they destroyed every Confucius stuffs and now they use Confucius name to
spread "Chinese" culture. Everything is hallowed.

Anyway, back to the topic
Before WW2, Japanese used more Kanji when translating foreign technology.
After WW2, Japanese loan from English/other languages directly.
Without Japanese loanwords, modern Chinese can't function well.
A Chinese book claims that 60% of modern Chinese vocabulary is Japanese loanword.
Don't ask me for the title. I don't remember it. .
The Chinese word for "Science", 科學, comes from Japan. .
Study science with Chinese is a nightmare, especially in Chemistry and Biology.
Study World history with Chinese is also a nightmare.
I still remember this from my World history class,
Mesopotamia = 米索不達米亞
I felt like..."holy ......"

Besides scientific vocabulary, most of the politics and many economics terms are also from
Japan. Hey, Japanese loanword can be found in the full name of PRC, 中華人民共和國:
人民(people's) and 共和國(republic) are also Japanese loanword.
I saw a heated debate about the relationship between Japan and China, a Japanese person
even claimed that "中華" is also a Japanese loanword.



《漢語外來詞詞典》中的日語詞彙之增補
(2009-02-05 11:50:11)

        以下是1984年12 月版 上海 辭書 出版社《漢語外來詞詞典》中所包括的「日源 外來
詞」

整理表。此表底稿是已故西北師範大學文學院 中文系教師孫蘭荃於2006年2月14 日發表

「湘裡妹子學術論壇」的《〈漢語外來詞詞典 〉中的日語詞彙》(按假名音序排列,用日
本簡化字書寫),橫線部分是在下補充的,誠 惶誠恐。

<あ>亜鉛(即「鋅」) 圧延 圧延機 味之素 暗示 安打

<い>胃潰瘍 醫學 尉官 意識 意匠 市場 遺伝 異物 意訳 入口 陰極 印象 因子 吋(インチ)

<う>浮世絵 打消 內幕 右翼 運転手(即「電車、汽車等的司機」) 運動 運動場

<え>衛生   影像   栄 養(即「營養」,詞典無 「榮養」條目,「 營養」條目中標註
「栄
養」與「営養」兩種寫法) 液體 演繹 園芸 演出 演習 演説 演奏 遠足 燕尾服 鉛筆

<お>大熊座 覚書(即「備忘錄」) 溫室 溫床 溫度 老婆(おばさん)(在下複查了一
下,詞典裡未有「老婆」這詞)

<か>階級 回収 會計 會談 改訂 海抜 介入 改編 解放 解剖 會話 化學 科學 拡散 革命 歌
劇   可決   貸方 &nb sp; 火成岩&nb sp;  化石&nb sp;  仮想敵    カタル (意為「卡他」, 即粘膜
炎,按詞
典標 註


於日源詞) 活躍   過度   課程    仮定    仮名    金絲雀( カナリア)(詞典 中實際標註的是
「 金糸雀」)化膿 歌舞伎 株式會社(另有詞條「會社」) 紙型 科目 借方 間欠泉 間
欠熱(詞典中實際標註的是「間歇泉」與「間 歇熱」) 看護婦 幹事 感性 間接 幹線 寒
帯 簡単 鑑
定 幹部 寒流

<き>機械 機関 企業 喜劇 記號 騎士 気質 基準 汽船 規則 気體 基地 基調 汽笛 規尼涅
(キニーネ)(即「奎寧」) 帰納 規範 気分 気密 客體 腳本 客観 腳光 弓道 教育學 協會
教科書 競技 狂言 共產主義 教授 強制 協定 共鳴 教養 共和 巨匠 巨星 巨頭 虛無主義 基
督(教)記錄 瓩(キログラム) 粁(キロメートル)金額 金婚式 緊張 金融

<く>空間 駆逐艦 組合 倶楽部 訓育 訓令 訓話

<け>計畫 警官 契機 景気 経験 経済 経済學 警察 形而上學 軽工業 係數 系統 経費 刑法
系列 化粧品 結核 決算 血色素 血栓 権威 牽引車 権益 権限 堅持 建築 検波機(即
「檢驗器」, 詞典中實際標註的是「検波器」)憲兵 憲法

<こ>公営 講演 効果 交換 交感 神経 広義 抗議 校訓 航空母艦 広告 交響楽 工業 講座 交
際 公債 講師 高射砲 講習 攻守同盟 高週波 公稱 光線 酵素(即「酶」) 公訴 講壇
膠著語 高潮 交通 肯定公認 光年 公判 広報 公僕 公民 高利貸 公立 網領 拘留 高爐
小型 國際 國事犯 黒死病 國稅 國體(國家體制)克服 小熊座 國立 故障 固體 國教 國
庫   固定   咖啡 &nb sp; 固柯(コ カ)(一種藥用植 物,詞典中實際標 註的是「古柯」)
可卡因

列刺(コレラ)(即「霍亂」)

<さ>最恵國 催眠(另有詞條「催眠術」) 細胞 索引 作者 策動作品 作物 錯覚 茶道
左翼 參照 參観 參看

<し>紫外線 死角 士官 刺激 施工 施行 指數 支線 自然淘汰 思想 市長 思潮 失効 質量
失戀 使徒 指導 支配 指標 支部 私法 資本 資本家 社會 社會學社會主義 社交 社団 宗
教 集結 集団 集中 終點 就任 主観 主食 主義 手工業 主人公 主體 出超 出庭 主動
出発點 出版 出版物 主筆 止揚(即「揚棄」) 少尉 昇華 消化 消火栓 商業 消極 證
券 少將 象徴 承認 消費 商法 消防 觸媒 處女作 處女地 所得稅 初夜権 所有権 進化
進化論 真空管 神経 神経過敏 神経衰弱 信號 信託 進展 進度 侵犯 審判 審美 新聞記
者 審問 信用 心理學 侵略 私立 資料

<す>水準 水成岩 水素(即「氫」) 膵臓(即「胰」) 水密

<せ>世紀 成員 清教徒 制御器(即「控制器」) 制限 制裁 政策 精算 生產 生產関係
生產力 精神 靜態 生態學 政黨 性能 製版 成分 生命線 制約 生理學 世界観 積極 接
吻 節約 銭(此處指日本貨幣單位) 腺 繊維 選挙 宣戦 尖端 銑鉄(意為「生鐵,鑄
鐵」) 宣伝 専売 旋盤 尖兵 糎(センチメートル)

<そ>蒼鉛(即「鉍」) 総合 創作 想像 相対 総動員 総理 総領事 組閣 速度 訴権 組織 素
質 組成 速記 曹達(ソーダー)(即純鹼)

<た>単位 探海燈 単元 単行本 炭酸瓦斯(即「二氧化碳」) 炭酸加里(即「碳酸鉀」)
単純 探照燈 短波 蛋白質 単利 退役 退化 大気 大局 対象 隊商 大正琴(發明於大正
初年的撥絃樂器) 體操 太陽燈 但書(法律條文中「但」字以下的部分) 搨搨米(たた
み)(詞典中詞條實際寫作「塌塌米」,標註 的是「畳」) 立場 對照(漏寫)

<ち>地下水 知識 地質 地質學 地上水 窒素(即「氮」) 仲裁 仲裁人 注射 抽象 丁機
(詞典中實際標註的是「丁幾」,詞條為「丁 幾」,即「酊劑」) 寵児 長波 直接 直流
儲蔵   貯蓄(詞典中標註「儲蓄」 與「貯蓄」兩種寫 法) 直覚 直感 直徑 窒扶斯(チフ
ス)(即「傷寒」)

<つ>通貨収縮 通貨膨脹 坪

<て>低圧 抵抗 低調 低能 低能児 敵視 哲學 鉄血 手続 手榴弾 天主 展覧會 転爐

<と>等外 登記 投機 登載 投資 謄寫版 徳育 特長 読本 特務 時計 図書館 特権 取消 取
締 噸(トン,漏寫)

<な>內閣 內勤 內在 內服 內分泌 內容

<に>肉弾 二重奏 日程 入場券 入超 任命

<ね>熱帯 年度

<の>能楽 農作物 能動 能率 能力

<は>配給 俳句 背景 配電盤 博士 白熱 博物 派遣 覇権 白金 発明 版畫 反感 半旗 反響
半徑 判決 反射 汎神論 汎心論 反対 範疇 反動 反応 白旗(漏寫)

<ひ>悲観 引渡 非金屬 悲劇 否決 比重 否定 必要 否認 批評 百日咳 評価 表決 標語 標高
表象 標本 日和見主義(即「機會主義」) 平仮名 広場 品位

<ふ><へ>風位 風雲児 封鎖 復員 副官 複製 複式 副食 副手 復水器 服務 服用 不景気
付著 不動產 雰囲気(氣氛)平面 変圧器 呎(フート,漏寫)

<ほ>方案 封建 方式 方針 放射 保障 法人 法則 法廷 法律 飽和 保険 本質

<ま><み>漫談 漫畫 漫筆 密月(詞典中實際標註的是「蜜月」) 密度 見習 美濃紙(日
本美濃地方所產的一種綿紙) 身份 脈動 民主 民法 粍(ミリメートル) 哩(マイル,漏
寫)

<む><め><も>無產階級 無產者 目(此處指「篩目,篩號」與「網目,網眼」 ) 明
確 明細表 命題 免許 毛細管 盲従 黙劇 黙示 目標 物語 目的(漏寫)

<や>碼(ャード)(漏寫)

<ゆ><よ> 唯心論 優生學 唯物論 輸出 輸入 輸尿管 羊羹 陽極 要素 溶體 溶媒 予算 予
備役 読物 油槽車(即「油罐車」漏寫)

<り>力學 理事 理性 理想 理智 立憲 理念 流行病 流線形 流感 瞭解 領海 領空 量子 領土
理論 臨床 倫理學 淋巴(リンパ)

<る>類型 累減 累進

<れ><ろ><わ>例會 冷戦 冷蔵 冷蔵庫 列車 論戦 論壇 論理學 和服 和文

浪人 勞働 勞働者 勞働組合 勞作(漏寫)

<が>概括 外勤 外在 概算 概念 外分泌 概略 學位 學士 學府 學歴 學會 畫廊 瓦斯(ガ
ス)

<ぎ>議員 議會 議決 技師 擬人法 義務 銀行 銀婚式 銀幕 銀翼(指「飛機」)

<ぐ>偶然 具體 軍國主義 軍需品 軍籍 軍部

<げ><ご>芸術 劇場 下水道 原意 現役 現金 原罪 原作 原子 現象 現実 元帥 元素 原則
幻燈 原動力 原理 號外 語源學

<ざ>財団   財閥   座 談   雑誌    座薬(詞 典中標註「坐薬」 與「座薬」兩種寫 法)

<じ>時間 時効 時事 事態 実権 自治領 実感 実業 実績 事変 事務員 自由 重工業 重曹(即
「小蘇打」) 重點 柔道 受難 浄化 常識 上水道 情操 情報 常備兵 靜脈 剰余価値 序
曲 除幕(詞典中實際標註的是「序幕」) 自律 人格 人権 人選 人文主義 訊問 陣容 人
力車

<ず><ぜ>図案 絶対 前衛 前提

<だ>台(此處指車輛、機器、設備的單位) 代議員(詞典中實際標註的是「代議士」,
意為「議員」) 代言人台車(即「轉向架) 代表 大本営 談判 暖流

<で>出口 電子 電車 伝染病 電池 電波 電報 電流 電話

<ど>動員 導火線 動機 動議 道具 動產 同情 動態 動脈 動力學 動力 獨裁 獨佔

<ば>場合 陪審 陪審員 場所 番號

<び>美化 美感 備品 白夜 敏感 麥酒(ビール)(即「啤酒」)

<ぶ>舞台 物質 物理 物理學 文化 分解 文學 文庫 分子 分析 分配 文明


Edited by jsun on 21 January 2011 at 4:22am

5 persons have voted this message useful



Ari
Heptaglot
Senior Member
Norway
Joined 6395 days ago

2314 posts - 5695 votes 
Speaks: Swedish*, English, French, Spanish, Portuguese, Mandarin, Cantonese
Studies: Czech, Latin, German

 
 Message 3 of 48
21 January 2011 at 4:32am | IP Logged 
Agreed; while you can certainly do a lot of science in Mandarin, pretty much the entire Mandarin scientific vocabulary (including both technical sciences and the humanities) is Japanese loan words (and all the other Chinese lingualects have loaned them from Mandarin). A lot of people forget this and go around claiming that "Chinese have very few loanwords," which is just not true.
4 persons have voted this message useful



jsun
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 Message 4 of 48
21 January 2011 at 7:23am | IP Logged 
Ari wrote:
Agreed; while you can certainly do a lot of science in Mandarin, pretty much
the entire Mandarin scientific vocabulary (including both technical sciences and the
humanities) is Japanese loan words (and all the other Chinese lingualects have loaned them
from Mandarin). A lot of people forget this and go around claiming that "Chinese have very
few loanwords," which is just not true.


It doesn't necessary spread from Mandarin to other Chinese languages. People from coastal
port cities saw more new Western stuffs and they had more people who were educated
overseas (Japan, America, Britain, Europe). Therefore, Shanghaiese(Wu) ,
Cantonese, Min also took many loanwords from Japan and Western languages. After 2
opium wars, Japan was a very popular place for Chinese students.

I accidentally found this example,
English -> Cantonese -> Japanese
A Japanese person got his knowledge from Cantonese.
This page is about Western cuisine
http://opac.kufs.ac.jp/kufs/view/0002_A/view_0002_A_038.html

Cutlets -> 吉列時 (gat lit si) -> カツレツ

And people in the 20th century wrote with a mixture of literary Chinese, non-Mandarin
Chinese language, Mandarin. For Wu speaker, they even wrote literature in Wu.
Have you heard of "Sherlock Holmes" in Chinese is 福爾摩斯?
福爾摩斯 = Holmes
It doesn't sound right in Mandarin - fu er mo si
Because it's Hokkien person's translation - hok ni mo su


Edited by jsun on 21 January 2011 at 7:34am

2 persons have voted this message useful



Cyrus
Diglot
Newbie
France
Joined 5321 days ago

39 posts - 70 votes 
Speaks: French*, English
Studies: German, Spanish, Mandarin

 
 Message 5 of 48
21 January 2011 at 11:03am | IP Logged 
Thanks for your answers ;)

As China spends for a few months the second largest budget in R&D behind the US (it overtook Japan this year), I
thought that mandarin would naturally have its own scientific language, mostly because the chinese language tends
to transform a lot of (initially) borrowed vocabulary (for example they say "dian nao" instead of "computer" like a lot
of languages do). I wasn't aware of the fact that so much vocabulary was borrowed.

However, what about arabic and Spanish ? I want the answer ! :D
Do you know if they really lack scientific vocabulary ?

Edited by Cyrus on 21 January 2011 at 11:07am

1 person has voted this message useful



Ari
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 Message 6 of 48
21 January 2011 at 11:30am | IP Logged 
Cyrus wrote:
As China spends for a few months the second largest budget in R&D behind the US (it overtook Japan this year), I thought that mandarin would naturally have its own scientific language, mostly because the chinese language tends to transform a lot of (initially) borrowed vocabulary (for example they say "dian nao" instead of "computer" like a lot of languages do). I wasn't aware of the fact that so much vocabulary was borrowed.

China spends a lot on research now, but during the time most of this scientific vocabulary was developed, Japan was where the action was at. Chinese research is quite a new thing and as you point out, they only recently caught up with Japans budget. They've been playing catch-up for a long time (and in many cases still are).

The reason why they don't look like loan words is because Mandarin Chinese and Japanese (in the old days to a higher degree than now) use non-phonetic writing systems. What's more, they use the same one. This means that a word coined in one language can easily be borrowed into the other. The pronunciation will be completely different and it'll be hard to distinguish the word from an original construction, but it's a loan word nonetheless.
1 person has voted this message useful



clumsy
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Poland
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 Message 7 of 48
21 January 2011 at 12:04pm | IP Logged 
It's silly.

We in Poland learn at school without using any loanwords!

Long time ago Japan translated European vocabulary into kanji, to introduce Western Science to the country.

Chinese(and Koreans) borrowed them from Japan.

That's quite normal process, long time ago(Middle Ages), it was Europe which was backwards to Arabic countries and Asia.

And not all Chinese scientific vocabulary is borrowed from Japanese!

Look at the Mendeleev Table in Chinese Wikipedia!
Each element has it's own Chinese character! (Japanese uses katakana loanwords ).


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CS
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 Message 8 of 48
21 January 2011 at 7:59pm | IP Logged 
Any lack of technical vocabulary in a language won't last long. A language that lacks scientific or other vocabulary
can just borrow it from another language - with a certain amount of adaptation to native phonology, orthography,
and the like. Alternatively they can make a calque or just create a word or phrase through the normal processes of
the language.

Really, the only languages that would lack a scientific vocabulary might be some languages only used by hunter-
gatherers with no connection to the modern world. And that would change as soon as they found that they needed
to discuss modern technical concepts.

As an aside, the Vatican has created Latin terms for modern scientific concepts proving that even languages without
natural communities of speakers can create this vocabulary if needed. Any actual living language will be at least as
flexible as (undead) Latin in this regard.

Edited by CS on 21 January 2011 at 8:04pm



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